BIOTECHNOLOGY- CLONING VECTORS / VEHICLE DNA

 CLONING VECTORS are DNA molecules that carry a foreign DNA segment and replicate inside the host cell. The most commonly used vectors are plasmids and bacteriophages.

PROPERTIES OF A GOOD VECTOR: 

1. IT SHOULD HAVE AN ORIGIN OF REPLICATION [ ORI ]- It is required for replication of vector during cell division.

2. IT SHOULD HAVE SELECTABLE MARKER GENES- It is required for the identification of transformed cells from non-transformed cells. Usually, antibiotic resistance genes such as ampicillin and tetracycline resistance genes are used as selectable markers.

3. CLONING SITES- At least one unique restriction site is present on the marker gene, which can be used to insert the alien DNA.

4. CONTROL ELEMENTS- It should have control elements like PROMOTER, OPERATOR, RIBOSOMAL BINDING SITE.

Naturally occurring plasmids do not have all these properties, so Artificial plasmids are constructed.

eg. pBR-322, pBR-320, pACYC-177.

VECTORS FOR CLONING IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS:

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a pathogen causing CROWN GALL disease in dicot plants. These bacteria possess Ti plasmid [ Ti - tumor-inducing ] containing T DNA ... T DNA is a piece of DNA required for insertion of plasmid in plant DNA.

Ti plasmid can be used as a vector to insert ALIEN DNA in plant cells.

RETROVIRUSES can be used to transfer ALIEN DNA in animal cells.

BIOTECHNOLOGY- RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES

 The European Federation of Biotechnology [EFB] has defined biotechnology as The integration of natural science and organisms. Cells, parts, and molecular analogues for products and services.

BIOTECHNOLOGY deals with techniques of using organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful for human welfare.    

TWO CORE TECHNIQUES ARE INCLUDED IN MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY:

1. GENETIC ENGINEERING

2. MAINTENANCE OF STERILE AMBIENCE / CONDITIONS

1. GENETIC ENGINEERING: 

This includes modification of genetic material of organism using alien or foreign DNA. Recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to transfer gene or piece of DNA from one organism to another.

RDT uses RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE ENZYMES which cut the DNA at a specific sequence called recognition sequence or restriction site.

BELOW IS A LIST OF SOME RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE WITH THEIR RECOGNITION SITE:

Today we know more than 900 restriction enzymes that has been isolated from over 230 strains of bacteria each with different restriction site. RESTRICTION or RECOGNITION SITES are PALINDROMIC NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE IN DNA. PALINDROMES are sequences in which first half is the mirror image of second half. Restriction enzymes cut the phosphodiester linkage in the recognition site. Recognition sites are 4 to 8 nucleotide long sequences.

These enzymes are named restriction endonuclease because they restrict the growth of viral DNA that might enter the cell, during infection. Thus, R.E. serves as a defence mechanism and bacteria protects its own DNA from nucleolytic attack by methylation of its own chromosome. 

When cut by a restriction endonuclease, TWO TYPES of sequences are formed.

1. sticky ends or staggered cuts or cohesive ends 

2. blunts ends

PYQ- NEET- PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

NEET- PYQ- PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

MCQ TEST - NEET

 

1. A CROSS IN WHICH AN ORGANISM SHOWING A DOMINANT PHENOTYPE IS CROSSED WITH THE RECESSIVE PARENT IN ORDER TO KNOW ITS GENOTYPE IS CALLED...
   1.   MONOHYBRID CROSS
   2.   BACK CROSS
   3.   TEST CROSS
   4.   DIHYBRID CROSS
2. WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONS OF THE ZYGOTIC CELL WOULD LEAD TO THE BIRTH OF A NORMAL HUMAN FEMALE CHILD?
   1.   TWO X CHROMOSOMES
   2.   ONLY ONE Y CHROMOSOME
   3.   ONLY ONE X CHROMOSOME
   4.   ONE X AND ONE Y CHROMOSOME
3. A NORMAL VISISONED MAN, WHOSE FATHER WAS COLOURBLIND, MARRIES A WOMEN WHOSE FATHER WAS ALSO COLOURBLIND. THEY HAVE THEIR FIRST CHILD, A DAUGHTER. WHAT ARE THE CHANCES FOR THIS CHILD TO BE COLOUR BLIND?
   1.   100%
   2.   0%
   3.   25%
   4.   50%
4. IF BOTH THE PARENTS ARE CARIIERS FOR THALASSEMIA, WHICH IS AN AUTOSOSMAL RECESSIVE DISORDER, WHAT ARE CHANCES OF PREGNANCY RESULTING IN THE CHILD?
   1.   NO CHANCE
   2.   50%
   3.   25%
   4.   100%
5. THE INCORRECT STATEMENT WITH REGARD TO HAEMOPHILIA IS ...
   1.   IT IS SEX LINKED DISEASE
   2.   IT IS RECESSIVE DISEASE
   3.   IT IS DOMINANT DISEASE
   4.   A SINGLE PROTEIN INVOLVED IN THE CLOTTING OF BLOOD IS AFFECTED
6. A PLEIOTROPIC GENE:
   1.   IS A GENE EVOLVED DURING PLIOCENE
   2.   CONTROLS A TRAIT ONLY IN COMBINATION WITH ANOTHER GENE
   3.   CONTROLS MULTIPLE TRAITS IN AN INDIVIDUALS
   4.   IS EXPRESSED ONLY IN PRIMITIVE PLANTS
7. IN HIS CLASSIC EXPERIMENTS ON PEA PLANTS, MENDEL DID NOT USE.
   1.   POD LENGTH
   2.   SEED SHAPE
   3.   FLOWER POSITION
   4.   SEED COLOUR
8. THE TERM LINKAGE WAS COINED BY..
   1.   T. BOVERI
   2.   G. MENDEL
   3.   W. SUTTON
   4.   T.H. MORGAN
9. ALLELES ARE
   1.   DIFFERENT PHENOTYPE
   2.   TRUE BREEDING HOMOZYGOTES
   3.   DIFFERENT MOLECULAR FORMS OF A GENE
   4.   HETEROZYGOUS
10. A MAN WITH BLOOD GROUP A ..MARRIES A WOMEN WITH BLOOD GROUP B. WHICH ARE ALL THE POSSIBLE BLOOD GROUPS OF THEIR OFFSPRINGS?
    1.   A ND B ONLY
    2.   A, B AND AB ONLY
    3.   A, B, AB AND O
    4.   O ONLY
11. MULTIPLE ALLELES ARE PRESENT ...
    1.   ON DIFFERENT CHROMOSOMES
    2.   AT DIFFERENT LOCATION ON SAME CHROMOSOME
    3.   AT THE SAME LOCUS OF THE CHROMOSOME
    4.   ON NON SISTER CHROMATIDS
12. THE MOVEMENT OF A GENE FROM ONE LINKAGE GROUP TO ANOTHER IS CALLED ...
    1.   INVERSION
    2.   DUPLICATION
    3.   TRANSLOCATION
    4.   CROSSING OVER
13. A HUMAN FEMALE WITH TURNERS SYNDROME
    1.   HAS 45 CHROMOSMES WITH XO
    2.   HAS ONE ADDITIONAL X CHROMOSOME
    3.   EXHIBITS MALE CHARACTER
    4.   IS ABLE TO PRODUCE CHILDREN WITH NORMAL HUSBAND
14. SELECT THE INCORRECT STATEMENT
    1.   IN MALE GRASSHOPPER, 50% OF SPERMS HAVE NO SEX CHROMOSOMES
    2.   IN DOMESTICATED FOWLS, SEX OF PROGENY DEPENDS ON THE TYPE OF SPERM RATHER THAN EGG
    3.   HUMAN MALES HAVE ONE OF THEIR SEX CHROMOSOMES MUCH SHORTER THAN ANOTHER
    4.   MALE FRUIT FLY IS HETEROGAMETIC
15. WHAT IS THE GENETIC DISORDER IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL HAS AN OVERALL MASCULINE DEVELOPMENT, GYNAECOMASTIA AND IS STERILE?
    1.   KLINEFELTERS SYNDROME
    2.   EDWARDS SYNDROME
    3.   DOWNS SYNDROME
    4.   TURNERS SYNDROME
16. A DISEASE CAUSED BY AN AUTOSOMAL PRIMARY NON DYSJUNCTION IS,
    1.   KLINEFELTERS SYNDROME
    2.   TURNERS SYNDROME
    3.   SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA
    4.   DOWNS SYNDROME
17. WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING IS WRONGLY MATCHED?
    1.   STARCH SYNTHESIS IN PEA: MULTIPLE ALLELES
    2.   XO TYPES SEX DETERMINATION: GRASSHOPPER
    3.   ABO BLOOD GROUPING: CO DOMINANCE
    4.   T.H. MORGAN: LINKAGE
18. WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT TRUE FOR EXPERIMENTS OF MENDEL ON PEA?
    1.   HIS EXPERIMENTS HAD LARGE SAMPLING SIZE
    2.   HE CHOSE CHARACTERS OF TWO CONTRASTING STATES
    3.   HE USED TRUE BREEDING LINES
    4.   HIS OBSERVATION WERE BASED ON NATURAL OPEN POLLINATION
19. A GENE SHOWING CODOMINANCE HAS....
    1.   ALLELES TIGHTLY LINKED ON THE SAME CHROMOSOME
    2.   ALLELES THAT ARE RECESSIVE TO EACH OTHER
    3.   BOTH ALLELES INDEPENDENTLY EXPRESSED IN THE HETEROZYGOTE
    4.   ONE ALLELE DOMINANT ON THE ANOTHER
20. WHICH MENDELIAN IDEA IS DEPICTED BY A CROSS IN WHICH THE F1 GENERATION RESEMBLES BOTH PARENTS?
    1.   INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
    2.   LAW OF DOMINANCE
    3.   INHERITANCE OF ONE GENE
    4.   CO DOMINANCE
21. IF A COLOURBLIND MAN MARRIES A WOMEN WHO IS HOMOZYGOUS FOR NORMAL COLOUR VISISON, THE PROBABILITY OF THEIR SON BEING COLOUR BLIND IS
    1.   0.5
    2.   0.75
    3.   1
    4.   0
22. A TRUE BREEDING PLANT IS
    1.   PRODUCED DUE TO CROSS POLLINATION AMONG UNRELATED PLANTS
    2.   NEAR HOMOZYGOUS AND PRODUCES OFFSPRINGS OF ITS OWN KIND
    3.   ALWAYS HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE IN THIS GENETIC CONSTITUTION
    4.   ONE THAT IS ABLE TO BREE
       D ON ITS OWN
23. WHAT MAP UNIT [ CENTIMORGAN ] IS ADOPTED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF GENETIC MAPS?
    1.   A UNIT OF DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO EXPRESSED GENES, REPRESENTING 100% CROSS OVER.
    2.   A UNIT OF DISTANCE BETWEEN GENES ON CHROMOSOSME, REPRENTING 1% CROSS OVER
    3.   A UNIT OF DISTANCE BETWEEN GENES ON CHROMOSOME, REPRESENTING 50% CROSS OVER.
    4.   A UNIT OF DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO EXPRESSED GENES,REPRENTING 10% CROSS OVER
24. ABO BLOOD GROUPING IS CONTROLLED BY GENE I, WHICH HAS THREE ALLELES AND SHOW DOMINANCE. THERE ARE SIX GENOTYPES. HOW MANY PHENOTYPES IN TOTAL ARE POSSIBLE?
    1.   SIX
    2.   THREE
    3.   FOUR
    4.   FIVE
25. FRUITFLY DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER WAS FOUND TO BE VERY SUITABLE FOR EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF CHROMOSOMAL THEORY OF INHERITANCE BY MORGAN AND HIS COLLEAGUES BECAUSE
    1.   IT REPRODUCES PARTHENOGENETICALLY
    2.   A SINGLE MATING PRODUCES TWO YOUNG FLY
    3.   SMALLER FEMALE IS EASSILY RECOGNIZABLEFROM LARGER MALE
    4.   IT COMPLETES LIFE CYCLE IN TWO WEEKS

NEET- P.Y.Q. ANIMAL KINGDOM- PRACTICE ONLINE

P.Y.Q. NEET - ANIMAL KINGDOM

MCQ TEST - NEET

 

1. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING KIND OF ANIMALS ARE TRIPLOBLASTIC?
   1.   FLATWORM
   2.   SPONGES
   3.   CTENOPHORES
   4.   CORALS
2. ONE EXAMPLE OF ANIMALS HAVING A SINGLE OPENING TO THE OUTSIDE THAT SERVES BOTH AS MOUTH AND ANUS IS ...
   1.   OCTOPUS
   2.   ASTERIAS
   3.   ASCIDIA
   4.   FASCIOLA
3. CROCODILE AND PENGUIN ARE SIMILAR TO WHALE AND DOG FISH IN WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLWING FEATURES?
   1.   POSSESS A SOLID SINGLE STRANDED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
   2.   LAY EGGS AND GUARDS THEM TILL THEY HATCH
   3.   POSSESS BONY SKELETON
   4.   HAVE GILL SLITS AT SOME STAGE
4. WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT ALL THE FOUR OF SPONGILLA, LEECH, DOLPHIN AND PENGUIN IS CORRECT?
   1.   PENGUIN IS HOMEOTHERMIC WHILE REMAINING THREE ARE POIKILOTHERMIC
   2.   LEECH IS FRESH WATER FORM WHILE ALL OTHERS ARE MARINE
   3.   SPOGILLA HAS A SPECIAL COLLERED CELLS, CALLED CHOANOCYTES, WHICH IS NOT FOUND IN REMAINING THREE.
   4.   ALL ARE BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL.
5. WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS IS TOTALLY WRONG ABOUT NOTOCHORD?
   1.   IT IS PRESENT ONLY IN LARVAL TAIL IN ASCIDIAN
   2.   IT IS REPLACED BY VETEBRAL COLUMN IN ADULT FROG
   3.   IT IS ABSENT THROUGHOUT THE LIFE IN HUMANS FROM VERY BEGINNING
   4.   IT IS PRESENT THROUGHOUT THE LIFE IN AMPHIOXUS.
6. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS REPRESENTATIVE OF ARTHROPODA?
   1.   CUTTLEFISH
   2.   SILVERFISH
   3.   PUFFERFISH
   4.   FLYING FISH
7. WHICH GROUP OF ANIMALS BELONG TO THE SAME PHYLUM?
   1.   MALARIAL PARASITE, AMOEBA AND MOSQUITO
   2.   EARTHWORM, PINWORM AND TAPEWORM
   3.   PRAWN, SCORPION AND LOCUSTA
   4.   SPONGE, SEA ANEMONE AND STARFISH
8. A MARINE CARTILAGINOUS FISH THAT CAN PRODUCE ELECTRIC CURRENT IS
   1.   PRISTIS
   2.   TORPEDO
   3.   TRYGON
   4.   SCOLIODON
9. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ANIMAL COMPLETELY LACK CELL WALL?
   1.   CYANOBACTERIA
   2.   SEA FAN
   3.   SACCAROMYCES
   4.   BLUE GREEN ALGAE
10. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ANIMALS IS NOT VIVIVPAROUS?
    1.   FLYING FOX
    2.   ELEPHANT
    3.   PLATYPUS
    4.   WHALE
11. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A FEATURE OF PHYLUM ARTHROPODA?
    1.   CHITINOUS EXOSKELETON
    2.   METAMERIC SEGMENTATION
    3.   PARAPODIA
    4.   JOINTED APPENDAGES
12. AN IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC OF HEMICHORDATES SHARED WITH CHORDATES IS ....
    1.   VENRAL TUBULAR NERVE CHORD
    2.   PHARYNX WITH GILL SLITS
    3.   PHARYNX WITHOUT GILL SLITS
    4.   ABSENCE OF NOTOCHORD
13. CHOOSE THE CORRECT STATEMENT OF THE FOLLOWING ....
    1.   ALL CYCLOSTOMES DO NOT POSSESS JAWS AND PAIRED FINS
    2.   ALL REPTILES HAVE THREE CHAMBERED HEART
    3.   ALL PIESCES HAVE GILLS COVERED BY AN OPERCULUM
    4.   ALL MAMMALS ARE VIVIPAROUS
14. CHOOSE THE FALSE STATEMENT REGARDING PETROMYZON.
    1.   THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IS CLOSED
    2.   THE BODY IS DEVOID OF SCALES
    3.   MOUTH IS CIRCULAR AND LACK JAWS
    4.   IT MIGRATES TO OCEANS FOR SPAWNING
15. WHICH ONE OF THESE ANIMALS IS NOT A HOMEOTHERM?
    1.   MACROPUS
    2.   CAMELUS
    3.   CHELONE
    4.   PSITTACULA
16. WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS IS NOT SHARED BY BIRDS AND MAMMALS?
    1.   OSSIFIED ENDOSKELETON
    2.   BREATHING USING LUNGS
    3.   VIVIPARITY
    4.   WARM BLOODED NATURE
17. SELECT THE TAXON THAT INCLUDE BOTH FRESH WATER AND MARINE SPECIES..
    1.   ECHINODERM
    2.   CTENOPHORA
    3.   CNIDARIA
    4.   CEPHALOCHORDATA
18. METAGENESIS REFERS TO ....
    1.   ALTERNATION OF GENERATION BETWEEN SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL PHASES OF LIFE
    2.   OCCURENCE OF DRASTIC CHANGE IN THE FORM DURING POST EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
    3.   PRESENCE OF SEGEMENTED BODY AND PARTHENOGENETIC MODE OF REPRODUCTION
    4.   PRESENCE OF DIFFERENT MORPHIC FORMS
19. CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING FEATURES 1. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION 2. BILATERAL SYMMETRY 3. TRUE COELOMATES WITH SEGMENTED BODY
    1.   ANNELIDA, ARTHROPODA, MOLLUSCA
    2.   ARTHROPODA, MOLLUSCA AND CHORDATA
    3.   ANNELIDA , MOLLUSCA AND CHORDATA
    4.   ANNELIDA, ARTHROPODA AND CHORDATA
20. IDENTIFY VERTEBRATE GROUP OF ANIMALS CHARACTERIZED BY CROP AND GIZZARD IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
    1.   AMPHIBIA
    2.   AVES
    3.   REPTILIA
    4.   OSTEICHTHYES